Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury - 1823 Words

The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Case Study At four years old, Casey was in a car accident. Her mother, Gloria, was driving while under the influence of alcohol and ran a red light, causing a side collision with another vehicle. Casey, who was in the passenger seat without a car seat, struck her face and head on the dashboard with great force. Upon hospitalization at Cook Children’s Medical Center, Casey was diagnosed with severe closed traumatic brain injury. The injury was initially assessed by a physician and then a neurologist in the emergency room, and was found to need surgery. Later that day, Casey was prepped and a neurosurgeon successfully performed the procedure on her frontal cortex to reduce swelling. This injury has†¦show more content†¦Teaching the caregivers to be the â€Å"therapists† and helping Casey practice her communication skills is vital to Casey’s outcome. Since Casey is only four years old, they are in complete control of her environment and are the people around Casey the majority of the time. Implementing these strategies at home is the only way that Casey will get enough repetition to help her make immediate improvements. Because of the many professionals that would be involved in Casey’s recovery and treatment, it would be vital to be a team member and to stay connected with the other professionals. Dr. Brimo would schedule time for a weekly check-in with all other professionals, if not more often. With Fort Worth being a large metropolitan area, Casey and her caregivers would have access to all of the different services and professionals that they would need for recovery. They would not have a long commute and would even benefit from the opportunity for lots of home treatment. The naturalistic environment that the home provides would be best for Casey, at least at the beginning stages of therapy, considering her fear of cars and memory loss. While it would be easy in such a large city to be referred to any type of specialist, the sheer number of different professionals can become confusing, sometimes leading to being referred to the wrong professional. Also the waitlist to see the differentShow MoreRelatedTraumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury1278 Words   |  6 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of postRead MoreEffects Of A Traumatic Brain Injury1906 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction A traumatic brain injury also known as a TBI is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects educational performance. The term applies to mild, moderate, or severe, open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas. (Florida Dept. of Education 2015) Although I have never met anyone with a brain injury, I wanted to learn moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On The Brain And Lesions1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Traumatic brain injuries are one of the leading causes for damage in the brain and lesions (TBI) (Wheeler, Nickerson, Long Silver, 2014). Two types of injuries that occur following brain damage are open and closed head injuries. Open head injuries are often fatal and occur in such cases as when objects such as bullets penetrate the head of the victim. Closed head injuries result from blows to the head in situations such as car accidents or sports injuries. TBIs normally evolve in twoRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Children899 Words   |  4 Pages Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the one of the leading causes of cognitive impairments in children (Ryan, p. 86). In any given year, the United States will have about 475,000 cases of TBI in people under 14 years old (Lewis, p. 348). While, injuries such as these in adults can be severe, the effects of the injury on a child’s developing brain may be devastating. A lesion on a rapidly developing brain may be particularly detrimental, often resulting in delays or cessation of development (BraineRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi )805 Words   |  4 Pages Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), often called concussions, are very common occurrences in children. These are bruises in the brain which occur when an impact to the head causes the brain to shake back and forth against the skull. Children, including preschoolers, toddlers, and even infants, often bruise or bump their heads from variety of methods, including motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls from heights (beds, stairs, etc.), and sport related impacts (Duhaime et al., 1992). Occasionally, theseRead MoreThe Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction The focus of this study was to examine the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents on prospective memory. The purpose of the study was to add to the scant research on the effects of TBI on prospective memory in children and adolescents. The authors were also interested in adding support to the existing theory that the prefrontal areas of the brain meditate prospective memory. (Ward et al., 2005) The authors were, for the purposes of this study, assumingRead MoreThe Effects Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries2160 Words   |  9 Pages The Effect of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries on Physical and Cognitive Function Jessica Halme Clark College Author Note This paper was written for Psychology 100, taught by Professor Fieldingâ€Æ' Abstract Concussions, classified as a mild traumatic brain injury, are a growing problem in the United States. Research is being done to determine immediate, short-term, and long-term effects as well as the most effective way to treat concussions and the best way to prevent them. The generalRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Our Society1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe human brain is an enormously complex and intricate structure; however, it is incredibly susceptible to injury and irreversible damage. Traumatic brain injuries can affect any member of the population at any given moment, damaging vital areas of the brain responsible for an entire spectrum of tasks, most of which are often taken for granted. Numerous medical professionals are involved in the rehabilitation of patients that sustain traumatic brain injuries. Because traumatic brain injuries have suchRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries1918 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Examining the long-term effects of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) are one of the many areas of brain behavior relationships neuropsychologists focus on. Consequently, studies review the effects obstacles have when attempting to remediate coping following TBI (Krpan, K. M., Anderson, N. D., Stuss, D. T., 2013) while other studies have looked at the relationships between development in children who have suffered from TBI (Ganesalingam, K., Yeates, K. O., Sanson, A. and AndersonRead MoreThe Effect Of Intracranial Pressure On Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesadults with traumatic brain injury. Introduction: The use of mannitol (MTL) and hypertonic saline (HTS) are the main medical management for elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Marko, 2012). The use of hyperosmotic agents to reduce brain volumes has been known since 1919 (Ropper, 2012). HTS is gaining in popularity over the last few decades (Colton, et al., 2016), but MTL remains the gold standard in the treatment of ICP in the setting of post traumatic events and

Macbeth as a tragic hero Free Essays

The focal point of the paper is to trace the instances of Macbeth’s character as a tragic hero. This would also include the appearance of the witches when he was pure and loyal and gradually descend to the point of near insanity when he found himself nearing the ultimate stage of becoming evil himself. It could well be mentioned in this context that concept of a hero and a tragic hero is rather a perspective of the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth as a tragic hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it can be stated that a character is defined as a hero when he appears to be a central character of the story. This same person is labeled as a tragic hero if the readers find him indulging in acts that are not moral or legal. Macbeth fits this criterion of a tragic hero perfectly. (Tyerman, 233-35) The text reveals in the opening phase of the drama that Macbeth is an extremely capable warrior in accordance to the account of the captain, thus making him an important aspect of the drama. It is here through the captain’s point we come to know that Macbeth is one of the most loyal subjects of King Duncan. Next we see that Macbeth is interacting with three witches who helps us understand the three major attributes of Macbeth i.e. self-doubt, ambition and physical bravery. At the same time it beyond doubt in the basement Macbeth’s character is clean and as a solder he is true to his job and his king. (Powell, 49-50) However, at the end of this scene we see the ignition of evil in the form of ambition but in an understated phase. This was a state where he was fighting for his king and now when victory was achieved he wanted the better part of it for himself. Things started changing at a faster phase and Macbeth found himself submerging into the various aspects of evil. First he, with the instigation of Lady Macbeth, he killed King Duncan then it was the turn of Banquo. Banquo was a friend but he was eliminated in the process of keeping Macbeth’s throne safe. He did not stop to this and eliminated the family too. By the end of the play, at his death, Macbeth was completely a tragic hero as a character. (Powell, 51-53) The transition of Macbeth from being a heroic character to a tragic hero came in various phases and aspects of circumstances and political developments. It was not a justification from Macbeth’s point in the act of killing King Duncan. The only justification of Macbeth was his ambition. He was not pleased with his possession of Glamis and Cawdor, he wanted more. He wanted to be the king himself. It is true that he was instigated by the witches. The witches stated â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee. Thane of Glamis! / All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee. Thane of Cawdor! / All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king thereafter!† (Shakespeare, I.3) This lead to the assassination of Duncan with ample moral and physical support from Lady Macbeth and all this time Macbeth tries to be brave and just to himself but deep inside his morality is broken although Lady Macbeth tried her heart out to justify each evil acts of Macbeth. Macbeth knows that he is on the wrong side. For Macbeth, as he mentions time and again, Duncan is more than a king to Macbeth and is like a father to him. Thus with this act of treachery and treason he was, at a sphere, murder his father. This was a huge leap towards becoming a tragic hero as well as a negative character. (Tyerman, 235-37) Banquo too fought beside him with almost equal success and that created doubts in Macbeth’s mind as Banquo was about to become an important foe in the line of his ambition. This too was prophesied by the witches stating that the decedents of Banquo would reign as ruler. Thus it became more obvious that Banquo should be killed. However, he himself knows very well that whatever he is doing is unethical and unjustified and he becomes more aligned with the witches where the inner self represented as the witches are depicted as ridiculous and bizarre and obviously unholy with their actions like â€Å"Double, double, toil and trouble, / Fire burn and cauldron bubble† (Shakespeare, IV.i.10–11) and â€Å"eye of newt and toe of frog†. (Shakespeare, IV.i.14). At this part Macbeth becomes an extension of evil spirit such as the witches themselves. At this point whatever Macbeth acts or represents becomes a manifestation of ill fate and unholy intensions. He orders assassinations and tries to kills any and every heir to the throne like a true negative character and this plays an impact over his mind. One major part of this follow through was Macbeth’s misapprehension of blood. (Prawer, 224-5) He saw blood everywhere and it appeared to him that this blood was of Duncan’s and that it could not be rinsed away. â€Å"I am in blood / Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er† (Shakespeare, III. 4. 135–137). It would be relevant to mention that the playwright William Shakespeare depicted the character of Macbeth as a metaphor of human ambition gone wrong. This makes a character that starts as a brave and powerful warrior who is completely loyal to his abilities and more so to his king. He is well loved by his men and friends and the King himself and there is no reason to accept him as a positive hero but gradually we find him rolling into the abyss of evil procedures and ultimately becomes a tragic hero as a character. The arrival of the three witches also signifies the contributing factor as an instrument. This part of the text appears to us as a superficial metaphor but this is apparently no illusion as per the drama. This is because there was another person who witnessed the witches and he is Banquo. Therefore, it could be ascertained that the characters of the three witches are in reality not illusions but a simple dramatic manifestation of the underlying sense of ambition of a courageous warrior who has tasted success few moments ago for his King, Duncan. This was a state where he was fighting for his king and now when victory was achieved he wanted the better part of it for himself. It is but human to ask more and it is human to be prone towards errors. But these are not qualities of a hero. Thus Macbeth is more tragic hero than a hero. (Prawer, 221-2) In this context it would be relevant to mention that the trace the instances of Macbeth’s `visions’ also contributes to the fact that Macbeth was becoming a tragic hero as a character. His visions were so powerful because his desires were authoritative, commanding and extremely influential. Macbeth’s visions in the end appears to be born out of the conflict of morality and ambition and thus could be well be narrated as a manifestation of the argument of the inner self. These visions are therefore both illusions and imprint of the psychological analysis at the same time. But the overall aspect of these illusions is negative as they are all inclined towards evil visions of death, blood and fear. A character that experiences these visions makes the character negative with a malevolence vibe. Such a person is never a hero. But as he is the central character of the drama it would be logical to address him as a tragic hero. (Prawer, 223-4) In the later stages we see that illusions in the true sense of a psychologist appear in the scene with Macbeth visualizing the appearance of Banquo’s ghost. This is nothing superficial but the inner fear of an otherwise physically brave individual. Macbeth tries to be brave and just to himself but deep inside his morality is broken although Lady Macbeth tried her heart out to justify each evil acts of Macbeth. Macbeth knows that he is on the wrong side and the fear of remaining in the wrong side ultimately was manifested as the ghost of Banquo. Macbeth’s subconscious morality projected the act of murder as a ghost. It is a true illusion but of the psychological context. Psychology plays a deep impact on Macbeth all the text and another superficial aspect of Macbeth’s inner fears were revealed when he visualized Banquo’s dead body looking at him and he is tremendously terrified that Banquo might still be alive. This one vision or illusion appears as a striking note to Macbeth’s morality and thus expose the inner contradiction of Macbeth’s ambition, morality, justification and self doubt. (Gervers, 17-22) In conclusion it can be stated that Macbeth is a villain in many senses but a lovable villain without doubt and this contributes this character to become one of the crafted tragic hero of literature. Reference: Shakespeare, W; Complete Works of Shakespeare; (National Book Trust 1982) Prawer, H A; Kings and Kingdoms: Analysis of Royalty in Shakespearean Plays (Allied Publishers 1998) pp 221-5 Powell, M; Anatomy of a Character: Macbeth (ABP Ltd 2001) pp 49-53 Gervers, V; Power Mechanism in Literature (HBT Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2000) pp 17-22 Tyerman, J; Invention of the Tragic King (Allied Publications 2001) pp 233-37 How to cite Macbeth as a tragic hero, Essay examples

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd free essay sample

? University of Dhaka Faculty of Business Studies Department of Finance Course Title: Financial Accounting and Reporting Course Code: F – 504 Submitted By: Sifat Monjur Shamrat Roll: 24040 Submitted To: Samia Sultana Tani Assistant Professor Department of Finance Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Date of Submission: Sunday, August 18, 2013 August 18, 2013 To Samia Sultana Tani Assistant Professor Department of Finance Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Sub: Financial ration analysis from financial statement of a company. Dear Madam, I am pleased to submit the Term paper that you have assigned. My assignment was on â€Å"Ratio Analysis from financial statement of a reputed company†. I hope and believe that you will be kind enough to consider any types of mistakes that occurred at the time of preparing this proposal. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Sifat Monjur Shamrat Roll : 24040 Executive Summary A few comments on the organization and content of the report may be helpful to reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In doing so, we realize that some topics may be more important to some reader then to other. For that reason we some advanced material (e. g. questionnaires) appears in appendices. Our goal is to help the reader who must compare financial position of these two companies. First we focused on the essential element of this report. We have included here the introduction of this report, objectives of the report, findings, methodology, so that the reader can get ideas easily. The second part is very important from the sense of this report. Here we have given our recommendation of the report. We have tried out level best to give the commendation neutrally. It also contains the conclusion of this report. Contents: Topic Page Introduction 1 Objective of the Report 1 Limitation of the Study 1 Literature 2 Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusion 11 Introduction: Financial Statement includes the Balance Sheet, Income statement and other statement which determine the company’s performance. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from information in company’s financial statements. Financial ratios are the analyst’s microscope. It allowed them to get a better view of the firm’s financial health than just looking at the raw financial statements. Objective of the Report This term paper is prepared under submitted as a major requirement of the Financial Accounting Course. Financial Accounting provides the facts needed to make informed economic as well as operational control. Limitation of the Study Limitation of the study is about: a) Based on only secondary source of data b) Time bound restrict me for further research on the topic c) There is not possible to analyze every ratio of the financial statement Literature: Financial Ratio: Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firm’s performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firm’s financials to those of other firms. Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business and measures the ability of a business to repay its debts over the period of next 12 months. Current ratio is calculated using the following formula: Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities Receivables Turnover Ratio An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Receivables turnover ratio = Net receivable sales/ Average accounts receivables Inventory Turnover A ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or inventory turnover days. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Asset Turnover : The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Average Total Assets Return On Asset: An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. ROA = Annual Net Income Average Total Assets Return On Equity: The amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a corporations profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. ROE = Annual Net Income Average Stockholders Equity Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Balance Sheet As on 31. 03. 2009 As on 31. 03. 2008 As on 31. 03. 2007 Non-Current assets 9,407,730,001 8,291,290,984 6,804,429,292 Property, Plant and Equipment-Carrying Value 4,899,679,832 4,088,432,171 3,531,003,509 Capital Work-in-Progress 591,114,649 481,239,419 Investment – Long Term (at Cost) 4,508,050,169 3,611,744,164 2,792,186,364 Current Assets 3,843,512,855 4,411,836,436 3,682,510,712 Inventories 2,098,755,231 2,026,736,322 1,544,191,798 Trade Debtors 477,562,002 360,245,646 322,864,637 Advances, Deposits and Prepayments 260,330,162 288,806,440 236,455,395 Investment in Marketable Securities (at Cost) 20,250,000 20,250,000 20,250,000 Short Term Loan 693,157,720 1,510,502,334 1,418,893,703 Cash and Cash Equivalents 293,457,740 205,295,694 139,855,179 TOTAL ASSETS 13,251,242,856 12,703,127,420 10,486,940,004 Shareholders’ Equity 9,949,397,634 8,417,040,705 7,333,257,612 Share Capital 1,207,224,000 894,240,000 596,160,000 Share Premium 2,035,465,000 2,035,465,000 2,035,465,000 General Reserve 105,878,200 105,878,200 105,878,200 Tax Holiday Reserve 1,101,935,237 1,101,935,237 1,101,935,237 Retained Earnings 5,498,895,197 4,279,522,268 3,493,819,175 Non-Current Liabilities 660,976,668 785,241,612 598,116,106 Long Term Loans – Secured 449,757,608 602,584,615 492,569,379 Deferred Tax Liability 211,219,060 182,656,997 105,546,727 Current Liabilities 2,640,868,554 3,500,845,103 2,555,566,286 Short Term Bank Loans 1,534,345,782 2,669,693,184 1,818,777,878 Long Term Loans – Current Portion 295,590,601 297,002,646 225,176,449 Trade Creditors 124,222,699 100,953,258 60,601,743 Liabilities for Expenses 69,573,702 32,290,235 24,565,248 Liabilities for Other Finance 617,135,770 400,905,780 426,444,968 TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 13,251,242,856 12,703,127,420 10,486,940,004 Square Pharmaceutical Ltd Income Statement For the year ended 31-03-09 For the year ended 31-03-08 For the year ended 31-03-07 NET TURNOVER 9,820,796,568 8,257,843,739 7,500,811,349 Less: COST OF GOODS SOLD 5,672,565,973 4,856,061,933 4,268,447,662 GROSS PROFIT 4,148,230,595 3,401,781,806 3,232,363,687 Less: Operating Expenses 1,779,793,368 1,692,475,988 1,406,611,448 PROFIT FROM OPERATIONS 2,368,437,227 1,709,305,818 1,825,752,239 Other Income 665,520,915 604,628,504 220,144,368 Less: Financial Expenses 397,135,963 351,868,423 236,845,084 NET PROFIT BEFORE WPPF 2,636,822,179 1,962,065,899 1,809,051,523 Less: Allocation for WPPF 125,562,961 93,431,709 86,145,311 NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX 2,511,259,218 1,868,634,190 1,722,906,212 Less: Provision for Income Tax 592,644,226 409,660,827 347,984,083 Less: Provision for Deferred Income Tax 28,562,063 77,110,270 71,679,289 NET PROFIT AFTER TAX 1,890,052,929 1,381,863,093 1,303,242,840 Earnings Per Share (EPS) 156. 56 114. 47 145. 74 1. Current ratio: Current Assets (2008-2009): Cash and Cash Equivalence + Inventories + Trade Debtor + Advance, Deposits and Payment + Investment at Marketable Securities (at cost) + Short Term Loan = 293,457,740 +2,098,755,231 + 477,562,002 + 260,330,162 + 20,250,000 + 693,157,720 = 3,843,512,855 Current Assets (2007-2008): Cash and Cash Equivalence + Inventories + Trade Debtor + Advance, Deposits and Payment + Investment at Marketable Securities (at cost) + Short Term Loan = 205,295,694 + 2,026,736,322 + 360,245,646 + 288,806,440 + 20,250,000 + 1,510,502,334= 4,411,836,436 Current Assets (2006-2007): Cash and Cash Equivalence + Inventories + Trade Debtor + Advance, Deposits and Payment + Investment at Marketable Securities (at cost) + Short Term Loan = 139,855,179 + 1,544,191,798 + 322,864,637 + 236,455,395 + 20,250,000 + 1,418,893,703 = 3,682,510,712 Current Liability (2008-2009): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans – Current Portion + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabili ties for Other Finance = 1,534,345,782 + 295,590,601 + 124,222,699 + 69,573,702 + 617,135,770 = 2,640,868,554 Current Liability (2007-2008): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans – Current Portion + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabilities for Other Finance = 2,669,693,184 + 297,002,646 + 100,953,258 + 32,290,235 + 400,905,780 = 3,500,845,103 Current Liability (2006-2007): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans (Current Portion) + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabilities for Other Finance = 1,818,777,878 + 225,176,449 + 60,601,743 + 24,565,248 + 426,444,968 Table 1: Calculation of Current Ratio Year Current Assets (I) Current Liability (II) Current Ratio IV= I ? II 2009 3,843,512,855 2640868554 1. 46 2008 4,411,836436 3500845103 1. 26 2007 3682510712 2555566286 1. 44 Debt to Equity Ratio: Total Debt (2008-2009): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans – Current Portion + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabilities for Other Finance + Loan Term Loan (secured) + Deferred Tax Liability = 1,534,345,782 + 295,590,601 + 124,222,699 + 69,573,702 + 617,135,770 + 449,757,608 + 211,219,060 = 3301845222 Total Debt (2007-2008): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans – Current Portion + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabilities for Other Finance + Loan Term Loan (secured) + Deferred Tax Liability = 2,669,693,184 + 297,002,646 + 100,953,258 + 32,290,235 + 400,905,780 + 602,584,615 + 182,656,997 = 428,60,86715 Total Debt (2006-2007): Short Term Bank Loans + Long Term Loans – Current Portion + Trade Creditors + Liabilities for Expenses + Liabilities for Other Finance + Loan Term Loan (secured) + Deferred Tax Liability = 1,818,777,878 + 225,176,449 + 60,601,743 + 24,565,248 + 426,444,968 + 492,569,379 + 105,546,727 = 315,36,82392 Share holder’s Equity (2008-2009): Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 1,207,224,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 5,498,895,197 = 9,949,397,634 Shareholder’s Equity (2007-2008): Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 894,240,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 4,279,522,268 = 8,417,040,705 Shareholder’s Equity (2006-2007): Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 596,160,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 3,493,819,175 = 7,333,257,612 Table 2: Debt to Equity Ratio Year Debt (I) Equity (II) Debt to Equity Ratio III = I ? II 2009 3301845222 9949397634 0. 33 2008 4286086715 8417040705 0. 51 2007 3153682392 7333257612 0. 43 Receivable Turn Over: Annual Net Credit Sales: Assuming that all sales are on credit. 2008-2009: Gross Turnover – Value Added Tax = 11,366,597,928 – 1,545,801,360 = 9820796568 2007-2008: Gross Turnover – Value Added Tax = 9,565,715,902 – 1,307,872,163 = 8,257,843,739 2006-2007: Gross Turnover – Value Added Tax = 8,711,034,758 – 1,210,223,409 = 7,500,811,349 The practical data of the Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. show the following results: Table 5: Receivable Turnover Ratio Year Net Sales (I) Receivable (II) Receivables Turnover Ratio III = I ? II 2009 9820796568 477562002 20. 56 2008 8257843739 360245646 22. 92 2007 7500811349 322864637 23. 23 Average Collection / Receivable Turnover in Days: This indicates the average number of days it takes a company to collect unpaid invoices. A ratio indicates that the company is having problems getting paid for service or products. The ratio is sometimes seasonally affected, rising during busy seasons, and falling during the off season. To account for this seasonality, the average accounts receivables (beginning + ending account receivables / 2) could be used instead. Average collection period can be determined by the following formula: Table 6: Average Collection Period Year Receivable Turnover (I) Average Collection Period II = 365 ? I 2009 20. 56 18 2008 22. 92 16 2007 23. 23 16 Inventory Turnover: Cost of Goods Sold: 2008-2009:Raw material consumed+ Packing Material Consumed+ Work in Process (opening) – Work in Process (ending) + Factory Overhead + Purchased of Finished Goods+ Finished Goods (Opening) – Finished Goods (ending) = 3,004,618,146 + 1,318,695,068 + 141,106,414 – 146,340,693+ 1,123,414,629 + 218,136,279+ 581,543,862 – 568,607,732 = 5,672,565,973 2007-2008: Raw material consumed+ Packing Material Consumed+ Work in Process (opening) – Work in Process (ending) + Factory Overhead + Purchased of Finished Goods+ Finished Goods (Opening) – Finished Goods (ending) = 2,770,478,855 + 1,144,141,207 + 119,969,662 – 141,106,414 + 874,353,806+ 211,761,614+ 458,007,065 – 581,543,862 = 4,856,061,933 2006-2007: Raw material consumed+ Packing Material Consumed+ Work in Process (opening) – Work in Process (ending) + Factory Overhead + Purchased of Finished Goods+ Finished Goods (Opening) – Finished Goods (ending) = 2,401,727,164 + 927, 381,432 + 108,390,739- 119,969,662 + 748,199,160 + 247,748,512 + 412,977,382 – 458,007,065) = 4,268,447,662 Inventory: 2008-2009: Raw Materials + Packing Materials + Work-in-Process + Finished Goods + Spares Accessories + Goods in Transit = 712,447,113 + 203,170,462 + 146,340,693 + 568,607,732 + 99,673,071 + 368,516,160 = 2,098,755,231 2007-2008: Raw Materials + Packing Materials + Work-in-Process + Finished Goods + Spares Accessories + Goods in Transit = 688,846,968 + 186,341,475 + 141,106,414 + 581,543,862 + 87,243,576 + 341,654,027 = 2,026,736,322 2006-2007: Raw Materials + Packing Materials + Work-in-Process + Finished Goods + Spares Accessories + Goods in Transit = 562,131,687 + 166,890,495 + 119,969,662 + 458,007,065 + 90,596,538 + 146,596,351 = 1,544,191,798 Table 7: Inventory Turnover Ratio Year Cost of Goods Sold (I) Inventory (II) Inventory Turnover ratio III = I ? II 2009 5672565973 2098755231 2. 70 2008 4856061933 2026736322 2. 40 2007 4268447662 1544191798 2. 76 Return On Equity (ROE): Net Profit After Tax: 2008-2009: Gross Profit – Operating Expense + Other Income – Fin ancial Expenses – Allocation for WPPF – Provision for income tax – Provision for deferred income tax = 4,148,230,595 – 1,779,793,368 + 665,520,915 – 397,135,963 – 125,562,961 – 592,644,226 – 28,562,063 = 1,890,052,929 2007-2008: Gross Profit – Operating Expense + Other Income – Financial Expenses – Allocation for WPPF – Provision for income tax – Provision for deferred income tax = 3,401,781,806 – 1,692,475,988 + 604,628,504 – 351,868,423 – 93,431,709 – 409,660,827 – 77,110,270 = 1,381,863,093 2006-2007: Gross Profit – Operating Expense + Other Income – Financial Expenses – Allocation for WPPF – Provision for income tax – Provision for deferred income tax = 3,232,363,687 – 1,406,611,448 + 220,144,368 – 236,845,084 – 86,145,311 – 347,984,083 – 71,679,289 = 1,303,242,840 Shareholder’s Equity: 2008-2009: Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 1,207,224,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 5,498,895,197 = 9,949,397,634 2007-2008: Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 894,240,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 4,279,522,268 = 8,417,040,705 2006-2007: Share Capital + Share Premium + General Reserve + Tax Holiday Reserve + Retain Earnings = 596,160,000 + 2,035,465,000 + 105,878,200 + 1,101,935,237 + 3,493,819,175 = 7,333,257,612 Table 12: Return On Equity Ratio Year Profit After Tax (I) Shareholder Equity (II) ROE III = I ? II 2009 1890052929 9949397634 0. 19 2008 1381863093 8417040705 0. 16 2007 1303242840 7333257612 0. 18 Summary and Conclusion Considering the entire financial ratio for the Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. we can say that at present the overall condition of the company is good. It had a mixed period from the year 2007 to 2009. It has decreasing tend in 2008 but then again went up in 2009. The company gross profit margin is stable at around 42% constant rate. Net profit margin was stable at 17% over 2007 – 2008 and showed an increasing trend in 2009 to reach 19%. But the company had a weak asset turnover ratio over this period. But we find that heir financial management is as stronger as required to attract large number of shareholders. At the end we can conclude that, the company has strong growth rate in recent years with a strong market reputation. But still the company should keep keen eyes in management operation to improve the financial condition.